Sulfur ligand mediated electrochemistry of gold surfaces and nanoparticles: What, how, and why

Gold surfaces and gold nanoparticles are widely used. The surfaces and nanoparticles often have to be coated by sulfur-bound organic ligands, which both provide stability and participate in many desired processes. We overview here what, how, and why it is that the core Au-S surface bond offers such versatile structure and function.104