Current status of alternative methods for assessing immunotoxicity: A chemical industry perspective

Animal alternative approaches, including computational and in vitro assays, can be used for the assessment of immunotoxicity but they should be applied in a tiered-based manner. Their implementation should be endpoint specific and as confidence is established for lower tier data there will be a lesser need for animal-based assays. However, such approaches should not abandon the core principles of dose, risk and weight of evidence as part of the overall assessment. (smaller insets represent figures from the paper, for greater detail see text and figures).274