Towards an all-vanadium redox flow battery with higher theoretical volumetric capacities by utilizing the VO2+/V3+ couple

Traditional vanadium redox flow battery only utilizes redox reactions of VO2+/VO2+ and VO2+/V3. In order to improve its energy density, an all-vanadium redox flow battery with V(IV) as the sole parent active species is developed by accessing the VO2+/V3+ redox couple.141