Long-term deer exclusion in yew-wood and oakwood habitats in southwest Ireland: Natural regeneration and stand dynamics

Woodland dominated by Taxus baccata is one of the rarest of European woodland types and has priority habitat status under Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive, yet little is known about its stand dynamics or the effects of long-term grazing. The abundance of naturally regenerating seedlings and saplings was monitored over a 32-year period in exclosures in a yew-wood and a neighbouring oakwood in the Killarney National Park, southwest Ireland. Both woods are heavily grazed by introduced sika deer (Cervus nippon). Mortality, recruitment and growth of adult trees were monitored over a 20-year period. Comparison was made with unfenced plots adjacent to each of the exclosures. Regeneration in the yew-wood exclosures was chiefly by Ilex aquifolium, Sorbus aucuparia and Fraxinus excelsior. No Taxus baccata saplings were recorded and seedlings of this species were very rare throughout the duration of the experiment. Taxus baccata trees which died during the 20-year monitoring period were significantly smaller than those which survived, indicating that self-thinning is occurring and the wood in its present form may be of relatively recent origins. Changes in adult tree species composition suggest that yew woodland in Ireland may develop from a yew-hazel scrub woodland sere. A variety of species regenerated in the oakwood exclosures, including Taxus baccata, and dense holly thickets formed in several areas. Quercus petraea failed to regenerate beneath the oak canopy. We conclude that chronic heavy grazing in the Killarney woodlands strongly influences the natural regeneration of several tree species. Research into the scientific manipulation of grazing levels in temperate woodlands is required. However, grazing intensity is not the only factor affecting regeneration, canopy conditions in particular are also likely to be of high significance, and this should be reflected in management plans.