Arylpiperazines displaying preferential potency against chloroquine-resistant strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

Arylpiperazines in which the terminal secondary amino group is unsubstituted were found to display a mefloquine-type antimalarial behavior in being significantly more potent against the chloroquine-resistant (W2 and FCR3) strains of Plasmodium falciparum than against the chloroquine-sensitive (D10 and NF54) strains. Substitution of the aforementioned amino group led to a dramatic drop in activity across all strains as well as abolition of the preferential potency against resistant strains that was observed for the unsubstituted counterparts. The data suggest that unsubstituted arylpiperazines are not well-recognized by the chloroquine resistance mechanism and may imply that they act mechanistically differently from chloroquine. On the other hand, 4-aminoquinoline-based heteroarylpiperazines in which the terminal secondary amino group is also unsubstituted, were found to be equally active against the chloroquine-resistant and chloroquine-sensitive strains, suggesting that chloroquine cross-resistance is not observed with these two 4-aminoquinolines. In contrast, two 4-aminoquinoline-based heteroarylpiperazines are positively recognized by the chloroquine resistance mechanism. These studies provide structural features that determine the antimalarial activity of arylpiperazines for further development, particularly against chloroquine-resistant strains.