Carvedilol Modulates the Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in a Rat Model of Volume-Overload Heart Failure

HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA and protein expression were upregulated in the rat model of volume-overload heart failure. Treatment with carvedilol is associated with a reversal of abnormal regulation of HIF-1α and VEGF in the failing ventricular myocardium.