Expression and regulation of Toll-like receptor 2 by IL-1β and fibronectin fragments in human articular chondrocytes

TLR2 is expressed in human articular cartilage and is upregulated by proarthritic agents including IL-1β and fibronectin fragments. Signaling through TLR is a novel pro-inflammatory mechanism in osteoarthritis and targeting of these signaling pathways may be of value in treatment of degenerative joint disease.