Cognitive neuroepigenetics: A role for epigenetic mechanisms in learning and memory

Although long-lasting behavioral memories have long been thought to require equally persistent molecular changes, little is known about the biochemical underpinnings of memory storage and maintenance. Increasing evidence now suggests that long-term behavioral change may be associated with epigenetic regulation of transcription in the central nervous system. In this review, we present evidence that changes in DNA methylation contribute to memory formation and maintenance, consider how DNA methylation affects readout of memory-related genes, and discuss how these changes may be important in the large-scale context of memory circuits. Finally, we discuss potential challenges involved in examining epigenetic changes in the brain and highlight how epigenetic mechanisms may be relevant for other cognitive processes.

Research highlights
► DNA methylation is a self-perpetuating mechanism capable of memory storage.
► Dynamic changes in DNA methylation underlie memory formation and maintenance.
► Regulation of discrete memories by DNA methylation is circuit-specific.
► Methylation profiles at specific genes may control gene readout and imprinting.
► The study of DNA methylation in the adult brain poses a number of unique challenges.