Comparative study on the environmental risk induced by several pyrethroids in estuarine and freshwater invertebrate organisms

The acute toxicity of permethrin, resmethrin, and cypermethrin to four species of aquatic non-target invertebrate organisms, found in estuarine and freshwater ecosystems, was evaluated. Artemia franciscana and Brachionus plicatilis larvae, as estuarine organisms, and Brachionus calyciflorus and Thamnocephalus platyurus larvae, as freshwater organisms, were exposed for 24 h to concentrations of these pyrethroids, and the LC50 values were compared. The freshwater organisms were more sensitive to these pyrethroids than estuarine organisms tested. A. franciscana larvae were more tolerant organisms than B. plicatilis larvae. The freshwater organisms tested have demonstrated to be a good alternative to the standard acute toxicity assays using Daphnia, although Brachionus plycatilis larvae were more sensitive to these pyrethroid insecticides than T. platyurus. Analysis of 24 h LC50 values of these pyrethroids, determined by static bioassays, revealed that the rank order of toxicity was: permethrin < resmethrin = cypermethrin for A. franciscana, B. calyciflorus, and T. platyurus, whereas with B. plicatilis larvae the order of toxicities was: resmethrin < permethrin < cypermethrin.