Ice loading on Danish wind turbines

Four different ice failure modes were identified-flexure, crushing, mixed mode, and lock-in. The results gave information on the anticipated ice loads and the likelihood of ice-induced vibrations for both the first-mode and second-mode vibration frequencies. They also provided guidance on the optimum angle and cone-size for a protective ice collar for the wind turbines. This paper provides the results of the model tests. A companion paper [Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., (2004)], provides information on the application of the results to the design of an offshore wind turbine farm.