Geodetic signatures of a Late Pleistocene Tibetan ice sheet

The extent of the Tibetan Plateau glaciation during the last glacial cycle is not well known. Estimates range from a limited glaciation restricted to the mountain ranges to a large regional ice sheet covering the entire plateau. We test the hypothesis of a large ice sheet by calculating the secular changes in geoid, gravity, and uplift, which would result today from regional ice sheet models that melted in late-glacial times. Predictions of the secular variations both in size (2000km×5000 km) and in amplitude (> 0.2 mm/year for the geoid anomaly, > 0.4 μ Gal/year for the free-air gravity anomaly) are large enough to be detected by satellite-gravity missions. Smaller-scale features such as variations in ice thickness could potentially be resolved by absolute gravity measurements over a 10-year period. However, non-glacial contributions to present-day mass imbalances such as tectonic uplift and groundwater movement can obscure the glacial signal. Especially the variability of groundwater storage induces a secular geoid rate as large as the predicted glacial rates.