Photoelectron angular distributions from fixed-in-space molecules

Since the fixed-molecule photoelectron angular distribution experiment started in the middle of 1990s, its potential in helping to solve in detail problems in the photoionization dynamics of gas-phase molecules has been recognized. In this review, which is aimed at experimentalists, general expressions of photoelectron angular distributions from fixed-in-space molecules are given for arbitrary polarization, special expressions of them are presented for practical uses, and their applications are explained along our progress on relevant studies with emphasis on the photoionization dynamics exhibited by molecular shape resonances.