Present-day geodynamics of the northern North American Cordillera
Keywords: geodynamics; North American Cordillera; Alaska; GPE; flat-slab subduction; mantle tractions;
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ReviewFunctional implications of dopamine D1 vs. D2 receptors: A 'prepare and select' model of the striatal direct vs. indirect pathways
Keywords: BSR; brain stimulation reward; CS; conditioned stimulus; D1DR; D1 DA receptor; DA; dopamine; DBS; deep brain stimulation; FR(3); fixed ratio 3; GPCRs; G protein-coupled receptors; GPe; globus pallidus externa; GPi/SNr; globus pallidus interna/substantia n
The upstream enhancer elements of the G6PC promoter are critical for optimal G6PC expression in murine glycogen storage disease type Ia
Keywords: GSD-Ia; glycogen storage disease type Ia; G6Pase; glucose-6-phosphatase; G6P; glucose-6-phosphate; HCA; hepatocellular adenoma; AAV; adeno-associated virus; GPE; G6PC promoter/enhancer; Glycogen storage disease type I; Glucose-6-phosphatase; Adeno-associa
Striatal dopamine D1 receptors are involved in the dissociation of learning based on reward-magnitude
Keywords: reward; punishment; reinforcement learning; pigeon; behavioral contrast; GPe; globus pallidus external; GPi; globus pallidus internal; MSt; medial striatum; SNr; substantia nigra pars reticulata; SpL; spiriformis lateralis; TD; temporal difference;
The role of choline in prostate cancer
Keywords: CCT; CTP-phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase; CDP-Cho; cytidine diphosphate choline; CHK; choline kinase; CHTs; high-affinity choline transporters; CPT1; diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase 1; CTLs; choline transporter-like proteins; CTP; cytidine tr
Effects of dopamine and serotonin antagonist injections into the striatopallidal complex of asymptomatic MPTP-treated monkeys
Keywords: AC; anterior commissure; BP; binding potential; CA; Cercopithecus aethiops; Cb; calbindin; CN; caudate nucleus; DA; dopamine; GPe; external segment of the globus pallidus; MPTP; 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1.2.3.6-tetrahydropyridine; MF; Macaca fascicularis; MRI; m
Research ReportDopamine depletion increases the power and coherence of high-voltage spindles in the globus pallidus and motor cortex of freely moving rats
Keywords: BG; basal ganglia; DAB; 3,3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride; ECoG; electrocorticogram; GP; globus pallidus; GPe; external globus pallidus; HVSs; high-voltage spindles; LFP; local-field potential; M1 cortex; primary motor cortex; M2 cortex; secondary m
Glutamatergic mechanisms in the dyskinesias induced by pharmacological dopamine replacement and deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease
Keywords: 6-OHDA; 6-hydroxydopamine; AIMs; abnormal involuntary movements; AMPARs; AMPA receptors; DA; dopamine; DBS; deep brain stimulation; EP; entopeduncular nucleus; GPe; external segment of the globus pallidus; GLT1; glial glutamate/aspartate transporter 1; GP
Serotonin innervation of basal ganglia in monkeys and humans
Keywords: A; anterior; ac; anterior commissure; al; ansa lenticularis; Aq; cerebral aqueduct; CD; caudate nucleus; CeM; central medial thalamic nucleus; cp; cerebral peduncle; cr; capsule of red nucleus; D; dorsal; DA; dopamine; db; dendritic branch; DRN; dorsal ra
Research ReportUp-regulation of the isoenzymes MAO-A and MAO-B in the human basal ganglia and pons in Huntington's disease revealed by quantitative enzyme radioautography
Keywords: Cem; central medial nucleus of the thalamus; CA; cerebral aqueduct; CG; central gray; CN; caudate nucleus; CA; cerebral aqueduct; GPe; external segment of the globus pallidus; GPi; internal segment of the globus pallidus; ICX; insular cortex; Inf Col; inf
Intrinsic dynamics and synaptic inputs control the activity patterns of subthalamic nucleus neurons in health and in Parkinson's disease
Keywords: Parkinson's disease; dopamine; oscillations; spontaneous firing; basal ganglia; Cav3; class 3 voltage dependent Ca2+; GPe; external globus pallidus; GPi; internal globus pallidus; HCN; hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated; IPSPs; inhibitory
Dianas quirúrgicas en el tratamiento de enfermedades psiquiátricas. Desde el movimiento a las emociones
Keywords: Estimulación cerebral profunda; Enfermedad de Parkinson; Trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo; Gilles de la Tourette; Depresión; Deep brain stimulation; Parkinson's disease; Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Tourette syndrome; Depression; AMS; área motora suplem
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of mannosyl triazoles as FimH antagonists
Keywords: ABTS; 2,2â²-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); AUC; area under the curve; BSA; bovine serum albumin; CRD; carbohydrate recognition domain; D; distribution coefficient; DCM; dichloromethane; DMSO; dimethyl sulfoxide; GIT; gastrointestinal t
Heterogeneous dopamine populations project to specific subregions of the primate amygdala
Keywords: extended amygdala; ventral tegmental area; retrorubral field; dorsal tier; ventral tier; substantia nigra; III N; cranial nerve III; A8-RRF; A8-retrorubral field; A9-dt; A9-dorsal tier of substantia nigra; A9-vt; A9-ventral tier of substantia nigra; A10-V
Delayed peripheral administration of the N-terminal tripeptide of IGF-1 (GPE) reduces brain damage following microsphere induced embolic damage in young adult and aged rats
Keywords: Embolic brain injury; GPE; Aged rats; Neuroprotection; Delayed peripheral administration;
Primate models of dystonia
Keywords: 3-NP; 3-nitroproprionic acid; SMA; supplementary motor area; pre-SMA; rostral supplementary motor area; SMAp; supplementary motor area proper; S1; primary somesthetic cortex; M1; primary motor cortex; GPe; external part of the globus pallidus; GPi; intern
Preclinical development of gene therapy for Parkinson's disease
Keywords: 6-OHDA; 6-hydroxydopamine; AADC; aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase; AAV; adeno-associated virus; AdV; adenovirus; BH4; tetrahydrobiopterin; CNS; central nervous system; D2; dopamine D2 receptor; GABA; γ-aminobutyric acid; GAD; glutamic acid decarboxyla
Growth factors and plasticity
Keywords: BDNF; Excitotoxicity; GPE; IGF-1; Neuronal cell death; Plasticity; Trophic factor
Chronic use of marijuana decreases cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA expression in the human brain
Keywords: Cannabis sativa; CB1 receptor binding; chronic drug exposure; postmortem human brain; mRNA CB1 expression; psychostimulants; Bmax; maximal capacity; CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4; areas of Ammon's horn; CB1, CB2; cannabinoid receptors; cDNA; complementary DNA; cRN
Differential localization of the GluR1 and GluR2 subunits of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor among striatal neuron types in rats
Keywords: AMPA; α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-ioxazole-4-propionic acid; CALB; calbindin; CALR; calretinin; ChAT; choline acetyltransferase; CLSM; confocal laser scanning microscope; EM; electron microscope; ENK; enkephalin; GPe; external segment, globus pallidus; GP
The neuroprotective activity of GPE tripeptide analogues does not correlate with glutamate receptor binding affinity
Keywords: Neuroprotection; Glutamate receptors binding; Tripeptides; GPE; Peptidomimetics
Dietary gangliosides increase the content and molecular percentage of ether phospholipids containing 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 in weanling rat intestine
Keywords: CPG; choline phosphoglycerides; EPG; ethanolamine phosphoglycerides; EPL; ether phospholipids; GG; gangliosides; GLC; gas liquid chromatography; GD3; disialoganglioside GD3; GM1; monosialoganglioside GM1; GM3; monosialoganglioside GM3; GPC; glycerophospho
Tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson con palidotomÃa y palido-talamotomÃa estereotáctica guiada por microelectrodos
Keywords: Enfermedad de Parkinson; PalidotomÃa; TalamotomÃa; Pallidotomy; Parkinson's disease; Thalamotomy; CRW; Cosman Robert Wells; GABA; Acido gamaamino butÃrico; Gpi; Globo pálido interno; Gpii; Globo pálido interno (segmento interno); Gpie; Globo pálido
Banishing the homunculus: Making working memory work
Keywords: basal ganglia; prefrontal cortex; dopamine; reinforcement learning; Pavlovian conditioning; computational modeling; ADHD; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AX-CPT; AX version of continuous performance task; BG; basal ganglia; DA; dopamine; GPe; gl
Striatal dopamine level increases in the urinary storage phase in cats: An in vivo microdialysis study
Keywords: nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron; microdialysis; basal ganglia; micturition reflex; Parkinson's disease; GPe; external globus pallidus; GPi; internal globus pallidus; HPLC; high-performance liquid chromatography; NSDN; nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron
Value of extended recording time with wireless pH monitoring in evaluating gastroesophageal reflux disease
Keywords: AET; acid exposure time; GERD; gastroesophageal reflux disease; GPE; Ghillebert probability estimate; RASP; reflux-associated symptom probability; SAP; symptom association probability; SI; symptom index;
Central penetration and stability of N-terminal tripeptide of insulin-like growth factor-I, glycine-proline-glutamate in adult rat
Keywords: GPE; Stability; Central uptake; Neuroprotection; Hypoxia-ischemia and adult rats;
Using animal models to develop therapeutics for Tourette Syndrome
Keywords: Animal model; Basal ganglia; Dopamine; Prepulse inhibition; Sensorimotor gating; Tourette Syndrome; APO; apomorphine; CSPT; cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic; DA; dopamine; DBS; deep brain stimulation; DOI; 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane; EP
Control of oro-facio-lingual movements by the substantia nigra pars reticulata: High-frequency electrical microstimulation and GABA microinjection findings in rats
Keywords: basal ganglia; jaw muscle; tongue muscle; electromyography; GABA microinjection; decortication; ACh; acetylcholine; BIC; bicuculline methiodide; DIG; anterior digastric muscle; EMG; electromyogram/electromyographic; GG; genioglossus muscle; Glu; glutamate
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of side chain modified glutamic acid analogues of the neuroprotective agent glycyl-l-prolyl-l-glutamic acid (GPE)
Keywords: Neuroprotective agents; Peptides; Proline; GPE; Glutamate;
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of glycine-modified analogues of the neuroprotective agent glycyl-l-prolyl-l-glutamic acid (GPE)
Keywords: Neuroprotective agents; Peptides; Glycine; GPE;
Synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA-A and GABA-B receptors in the globus pallidus: An electron microscopic immunogold analysis in monkeys
Keywords: post-embedding; striatopallidal; high pressure freezing; subthalamic nucleus; Parkinson's disease; extrasynaptic receptor; pallidum; ABC; avidin-biotin complex; BSA; bovine serum albumin; GABA-A; GABA receptor subtype A; GABA-B; GABA receptor subtype
Synthesis and neuroprotective activity of analogues of glycyl-l-prolyl-l-glutamic acid (GPE) modified at the α-carboxylic acid
Keywords: Neuroprotective agents; Peptides; Proline; GPE;
The functional role of the subthalamic nucleus in cognitive and limbic circuits
Keywords: AC; anterior commissure; ADL; activities of daily living; CM; centromedian nucleus of the thalamus; CRT; choice reaction time; DLPC; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DPC; dorsolateral prefrontal circuit; DRN; dorsal raphe nucleus; EP; entopeduncular nucleu
From brainstem to cortex: Computational models of saccade generation circuitry
Keywords: aCG; anterior cingulate cortex; BG; basal ganglia; BN; superior colliculus burst neurons; BUN; superior colliculus build-up neurons; CBLM; cerebellum; CMAC; cerebellar model arithmetic computer; DLPFC; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; EBN; reticular format
Therapeutic potential of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in Parkinson's disease
Keywords: Adenosine A2A receptor; Caffeine; Dyskinesia; Neuroprotection; Parkinson's disease; Striatum; 6-OHDA; 6-hydroxydopamine; ACh; acetylcholine; AMPA; α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid; APEC; 2-[(2-aminoethylamino)carbonylethyl-phenylethyl