In Vitro Characterization of a Liposomal Formulation of Celecoxib Containing 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-Glycero-3-Phosphocholine, Cholesterol, and Polyethylene Glycol and its Functional Effects Against Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines

Nanosized liposomal drug delivery systems are well suited for selective drug delivery at tumor sites. Celecoxib (CLX) is a highly hydrophobic cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor that can reduce the incidence of colorectal polyps; however, the adverse cardiovascular effects limit its applicability. Here, we report a liposomal formulation of CLX using 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol. Encapsulation efficiency of the drug was greater than 70%; the release was slow and sustained with only 12%-20% of CLX released in the first 12 h. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies using the colon cancer cell lines HCT-116 and SW620 showed significantly higher cellular association and internalization of the liposomes after incubation for 6 h when compared with 30 min. The liposomes did not colocalize with transferrin, but had a punctuate appearance, indicating vesicular localization. Cell proliferation was inhibited by 95% and 78%, respectively, in SW620 and HT29 cells after incubation with 600 μM liposomal CLX for 72 h. Moreover, cellular motility, as shown by a scratch wound healing assay, was also significantly (p = 0.006) inhibited when SW620 cells were incubated with 400 μM liposomal CLX. This is the first report of the successful encapsulation of CLX in a long-circulating liposomal formulation that could be effective against colorectal cancer.