Landscape as medium and method for synthesis in urban ecological design

► Designed landscapes include all landscapes intentionally made by people - not only places that appear to be designed. ► Ecological design is defined as: intentional landscape change to achieve and protect ecosystem services. ► This requires a foundation in science. Science is more relevant when it is conceived to speak to ecological design. ► Landscapes integrate environmental processes, and landscapes are visible. This empowers design-science synthesis. ► Consequently, landscape is a medium for science-society synthesis and a method for environmental invention.