A review of the impacts of nature based recreation on birds

► We reviewed 69 research papers on the effects on birds of nature-based recreation activities. ► 88% report negative impacts, including in physiology, behaviour, abundance and reproduction. ► Most research was in cool or temperate zones, often in shoreline or wetland habitats. ► There was limited research for mainland Australia, Central America, Asia, and Africa. ► Most research was on hiking, with few studies on mountain bike riding and none on horse riding.