An experimental and theoretical study of gas tungsten arc welding of stainless steel plates with different sulfur concentrations

During fusion welding, the presence of sulfur in steel often affects heat and fluid flow in the weld pool and its geometry. While the role of sulfur during welding of stainless steel plates with the same sulfur content is well understood, welding of stainless steel plates containing different concentrations of sulfur has not yet received proper attention. Here we report an experimental and modeling investigation of gas tungsten arc butt welding of stainless steel plates containing different sulfur concentrations. The main variables studied were sulfur concentrations in the two plates, welding current and welding speed. The results show significant shift of the fusion zone toward the low sulfur steel. The asymmetric fusion zone profile with respect to the original joint interface could be quantitatively explained through numerical modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow considering a bead shift observed experimentally.