Histone deacetylase1 promotes TGF-β1-mediated early chondrogenesis through down-regulating canonical Wnt signaling

HDAC1 blocks canonical Wnt signaling pathway through down-regulating β-catenin at both transcriptional and post-translational levels. At transcriptional level, HDAC1 binds to ctnnb1 promoter and inhibits β-catenin mRNA synthesis. At the post-translational level, HDAC1 binds to β-catenin protein through its deacetylase domain and promotes degradation of β-catenin.