Local administration of TGFβ-1/VEGF165 gene-transduced bone mesenchymal stem cells for Achilles allograft replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament in rabbits

► Explore co-expression of TGFβ1/VEGF165 gene transfer on ACL graft remodeling. ► TGFβ1/VEGF165-gene-transfected BMSCs promote angiogenesis. ► Co-expression achieves the best mechanical properties of the grafts. ► Cross-talk between TGFβ1 and VEGF165 accelerate the remodeling of the ACL graft.