Cyclic endoperoxides of β-carotene, potential pro-oxidants, as products of chemical quenching of singlet oxygen

Photoprotection by carotenoids is generally considered to be based on the photophysical quenching of triplets and singlet oxygen. There is also accumulating evidence of an alternative, chemical quenching of triplets and singlet oxygen by carotenoids. We report the identification of relatively stable cyclic mono- and diendoperoxides as first products of such an alternative reaction. Nevertheless, these species remain reactive and in the dark cause autooxidation of β-carotene in our model system. Their formation could explain the intriguing pro-oxidant and cytotoxic activity of carotenoids.