Nitric oxide mediated oxidative stress injury in rat skeletal muscle subjected to ischemia/reperfusion as evaluated by chemiluminescence

The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in oxidative stress in the rat gastrocnemius muscle subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury was investigated using a specific and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method for measurement of both membrane lipid peroxide and total tissue antioxidant capacity (TRAP). In addition, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase enzymes were used. The CL time-course curve increased dramatically after 1, 2, and 4 h of reperfusion, reaching values about 12 times higher than those of both control and ischemic rats. Initial velocity (V0) increased from 13.6 cpm mg protein−1 min−1 in the ischemic group, to 7341-8524 cpm mg protein−1 min−1 following reperfusion. The administration of l-NAME prior to reperfusion significantly reduced (p < 0.007) the time-course of the CL curve, decreasing the V0 value by 51% and preventing antioxidant consumption for 1 h following reperfusion. No significant change in CL time-course curve and TRAP values were observed with aminoguanidine treatment. On contrary, after 4 h following reperfusion, pre treatment with aminoguanidine led to a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in the time-course of the CL curve, where V0 decreased by 75% and TRAP returned to control levels. No significant change in CL time-course curve and TRAP values were observed with l-NAME treatment. When RT-PCR was carried out with an iNOS-specific primer, a single band was detected in RNA extracted from muscle tissue of only the 4 h ischemia/4 h reperfusion group. No bands were found in either the control, 4 h ischemia or 4 h ischemia/1 h reperfusion groups. Based on these results, we conclude that NO plays an important role in oxidative stress injury, possibly via −ONOO, in skeletal muscle subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. Our results also show that cNOS isoenzymes are preferentially involved in NO generation at the beginning of reperfusion and that iNOS isoenzyme plays an important role in reperfusion injury producing NO later in the process.