Regulation of myocardial growth and death by NADPH oxidase

► NAD(P)H actively produces superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. ► Nox2 mediates cardiac remodeling and angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. ► Nox4 is a major source of mitochondrial oxidative stress in failing hearts. ► Nox4 induces apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction in response to pressure overload. ► Nox4 acts as an oxygen sensor and mediates the adaptive response to hypoxia.