Virus-like particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: Diversity of targets and production systems and advances in clinical development

► Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of recombinant subunit vaccines. ► VLPs resemble native viruses but lack infectious genetic material. ► VLPs are promising vaccines due to strong immunogenicity and safety. ► VLPs can be produced in prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems, or in vitro. ► VLP-based vaccine candidates targeting many diseases are in clinical development.