A novel adjuvant, mixture of alum and the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol, elicits both humoral and cellular immune responses for heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium vaccine

► One promising strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of vaccines is development of new adjuvants. ► We examined the efficacy of the mixture of propranolol and alum as a new vaccine adjuvant. ► We used heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium as a model vaccine. ► Alum-propranolol mixture as vaccine adjuvant enhanced both humoral immunity and cellular immunity.