Predominance of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in children with otitis media following introduction of a 3Â +Â 0 pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule

The scarcity of PCV7 serotypes in children with and without a history of rAOM indicates that the 3 + 0 PCV7 schedule is preventing carriage and rAOM from PCV7 serotypes. Introduction of new vaccines in Australia with increased pneumococcal serotype and pathogen coverage, including 19A and NTHi, should decrease the circulation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and reduce the burden of rAOM.