Intranasal delivery of Norwalk virus-like particles formulated in an in situ gelling, dry powder vaccine

► Nasal NV VLP dry powder mucoadhesive-containing formulation induces systemic and mucosal immunity. ► Mucoadhesive-containing dry powder formulation stabilizes the norovirus VLP antigen. ► Mucoadhesive nasal dry powder vaccine exhibits superior immunogenicity over liquid formulation with adjuvant. ► Mucoadhesive delays mucociliary clearance in the nasal cavity, but is not immunostimulatory. ► The nasal dry powder formulation offers needle-free administration and better vaccine stability.