Ionic liquid-based dynamic liquid-phase microextraction: Application to the determination of anti-inflammatory drugs in urine samples

Dynamic liquid-phase microextraction (dLPME) using an ionic liquid as acceptor phase is proposed for the determination of six non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in human urine samples for the first time. The extraction is carried out in a simple and automatic flow configuration. The chemical affinity between the extractant (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) and the analytes permits a selective isolation of the drugs from the sample matrix allowing also their preconcentration. The whole analytical method has been optimized taking into account all the chemical, physical and hydrodynamic variables. The proposed method is a valuable alternative for the analysis of these drugs in urine within the concentration range 0.1–10 μg mL−1, allowing their determination at therapeutic and toxic levels. Limits of detection were in the range from 38 ng mL−1 (indomethacin) to 70 ng mL−1 (naproxen). The repeatability of the proposed method expressed as RSD (n = 5) varied between 2.1% (flurbiprofen) and 3.8% (tolmetin).