Electrochemical nano-immunosensing of effective cardiac biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction

• Novel electrochemical immunosensors for cardiac biomarkers are introduced.
• Recent advances in electrochemical immunosensing of cardiac biomarkers are discussed.
• Multiplex electrochemical immunosensors are discussed for detection of cardiac biomarkers.
• Serious problems in electrochemical immunosensing of cardiac biomarkers are discussed.

This review provides an overview of the various types of electrochemical immunosensors that have been developed for determination of cardiac biomarkers, along with significant advances over the last several years in related technologies.We also summarize the latest developments in the applications of electrochemical immunosensors in ultrasensitive detection of electroactive cardiac biomarkers.