Electrochemical biosensors based on nanomodified screen-printed electrodes: Recent applications in clinical analysis

• Screen-printed electrodes modified with nanomaterials provide better analytical features.
• Paper based electrochemical devices provide easy and cost effective analyses.
• Label-free innovative electrochemical immunosensors as screening methods to detect important metabolites.
• Novel DNA-based electrochemical disposable sensors: new devices to measure low concentrations of clinical markers.

This review addresses recent advances in the development of screen-printed electrode based biosensors modified with different nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metallic nanoparticles as gold, silver and magnetic nanoparticles, and mediator nanoparticles (Prussian Blue, Cobalt Phthalocyanine, etc.), coupled with biological recognition elements such as enzymes, antibodies, DNA and aptamers to obtain probes with improved analytical features. Examples of clinical applications are illustrated, together with examples of paper-based electrochemical devices, of multiple detections using arrays of screen printed electrodes, and of the most recent developments in the field of wearable biosensors. Also the use of smartphones as final detectors is briefly depicted.