Optical immunosensing of effective cardiac biomarkers on acute myocardial infarction

• We introduce novel optical immunosensors for cardiac biomarkers.
• We discuss recent advances in optical immunosensing of cardiac biomarkers.
• We discuss multiplex optical immunosensors for detection of cardiac biomarkers.
• We discuss the most serious problems in optical immunosensing of cardiac biomarkers.

This review describes:
• the advantages of examples of optical methods used in immunosensing of cardiac biomarkers and their reported applications, stressing their potential for future developments;
• evaluation of some progress toward viable cardiac-biomarker measurements for detection and diagnostics of myocardial infarction; and,
• trends in the development of optical immunosensors, including integrated immunosensors, and the application of nanotechnology and microfluidic technology.