Domain models for ferromagnetic shape-memory materials

A domain model for the twin variant and magnetic domain distribution in bulk systems of ferromagnetic shape-memory materials has been developed. The approach combines crystal elasticity, compatibility of a twinned microstructure with a tetragonal lattice structure, and micromagnetic domain theory. The model is applied to calculate phase diagrams under external magnetic fields and stresses for Ni–Mn–Ga as a magnetic system with easy-axis anisotropy and for Fe–Pd with easy-plane 4-fold anisotropies.