Preparation, characterization and fundamental studies on graphenes by liquid-phase processing of graphite

► We overview recent developments in the liquid-phase processing of graphite and graphite derivatives for the mass production of graphene. ► Processing of graphite oxide affords aqueous and organic suspensions of reduced graphene oxide sheets. ► Direct exfoliation of pristine graphite yields stable graphene suspensions in organic solvents and water-surfactant solutions. ► Structurally, graphene oxide is a patchwork of defect-free and oxidized, disordered regions, the former expanding upon reduction.