Oxidative stress-induced posttranslational modifications of human hemoglobin in erythrocytes

► Oxidative stress increases the oxidation/nitration of intracellular hemoglobin (Hb). ► Hb is well protected by cellular antioxidative mechanisms from oxidation/nitration. ► Nitration of Hb is a sensitive indicator of oxidative damage of erythrocytes. ► Hb can be modified by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in cell-free experiments. ► HNE-hemoglobin adducts are not detected in erythrocytes under oxidative stress.