Transcription elongation through a chromatin template

DNA transaction events occurring during cell life (replication, transcription, recombination, repair, cell division) are always linked to severe changes in the topological state of the double helix. However, since naked DNA almost does not exist in eukaryote nucleus but rather interacts with various proteins, including ubiquitous histones, these topological changes happen in a chromatin context. This review focuses on the role of chromatin fiber structure and dynamics in the regulation of transcription, with an almost exclusive emphasis on the elongation step. Beside a brief overview of our knowledge about transcribed chromatin, we will see how recent mechanistic and biochemical studies give us new insights into the way cell could modulate DNA supercoiling and chromatin conformational dynamics. The participation of topoisomerases in this complex ballet is discussed, since recent data suggest that their role could be closely related to the precise chromatin structure. Lastly, some future prospects to carry on are proposed, hoping this review will help in stimulating discussions and further investigations in the field.