Insights on urinary NGAL obtained in a primary care setting

► 6.5% of primary care patients exhibit normal kidney testing but increased uNGAL. ► Urinary NGAL (uNGAL) concentrations vary according to age and gender. ► Creatinine (Cr) excretion accentuates gender and age difference in uNGAL/Cr ratio. ► uNGAL concentrations are dependent on liver cell integrity and inflammation. ► uNGAL reflects the different stages of the novel KDIGO CKD classification.