Nucleation and growth of tin on low carbon steel

The nucleation and growth of tin from stannous sulfate and sulfuric acid with an organic additive of gelatin was studied on low carbon steel. Investigations were conducted by linear sweep voltammetry and current step methods. The agitation effect on the morphology of tin deposits was also studied. From the results, a mechanism of tin deposition on a steel substrate is suggested. Initially, 3D tin crystallites are formed preferentially on step edges, and this is followed by fast covering of neighboring sites with much smaller and densely packed crystallites of about 150–180 nm in size. Without gelatin, the coverage was poor and tri-modal structures were dominating. It is discovered that the synergy between hydrogen co-evolution and gelatin contributes to fast and complete coverage of the steel substrate and the bi-modal grain size distribution is observed. The diffusion coefficient of tin ion was determined according to the Sand equation.