Effect of vulculic acid produced by Nimbya alternantherae on the photosynthetic apparatus of Alternanthera philoxeroides

► Vulculic acid is a novel natural photosynthetic inhibitor with several action sites. ► The main targets of the toxin are LHC and OEC on the PSII donor side. ► The toxin blocks electron transport beyond QA and on the PSI acceptor side. ► The toxin could lead the digestion of membrane proteins, especially PSII proteins.