Hypoxia-induced HIF-1 α accumulation is augmented in a co-culture of keloid fibroblasts and human mast cells: Involvement of ERK1/2 and PI-3K/Akt

Keloids represent a prolonged inflammatory fibrotic state with areas that display distinctive histological features characterized by an abundant extracellular matrix stroma, a local infiltration of inflammatory cells including mast cells, and a milieu of enriched cytokines. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated an intrinsic higher level of HIF-1α and VEGF protein expression in keloid tissues compared with their adjacent unremarkable skins. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying the elevated expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in keloids, we exposed a co-culture of keloid fibroblasts and mast cells (HMC-1) to hypoxic conditions and studied the expression of HIF-1α and its target gene, VEGF. Our results showed that hypoxia-dependent HIF-1α protein accumulation and VEGF expression is augmented in keloid fibroblasts when co-cultured with HMC-1 cells under the condition where direct cell–cell contact is allowed. But such augmentation is not observed in the transwell co-culture system whereas fibroblasts and HMC-1 cells were separated by a porous membrane. Our results also indicated that the enhancement of hypoxia-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and Akt requires direct cell–cell interaction between mast cells and keloid fibroblasts, and activation of both ERK1/2 and Akt is involved in the hypoxia-dependent HIF-1α protein accumulation and VEGF expression in the co-culture system. These findings suggest that under hypoxic conditions mast cells may contribute, at least in part, to an elevated expression of HIF-1α and VEGF protein in keloids via direct cell–cell interaction with fibroblasts.