2D-DIGE screening of high-productive CHO cells under glucose limitation—Basic changes in the proteome equipment and hints for epigenetic effects

• CHO cells in perfusion bioreactors exhibit increased cell-specific productivity when entering a glucose-limited phase.
• We investigated the cellular activities connected to this metabolic shift in a 2D-DIGE approach.
• Changes were detected (amongst others) in energy metabolism, protein expression or cytoskeleton.
• Interestingly, effects also on epigenetic level were apparent, as histone-modifying proteins (HDAC1/-2, SET, RBBP7, DDX5) are affected.
• Our results will help to narrow down relevant targets for engineering of high-productive CHO cells.

CHO derivates (Chinese hamster ovary) belong to the most important mammalian cells for industrial recombinant protein production. Many efforts have been made to improve productivity and stability of CHO cells in bioreactor processes. Here, we followed up one barely understood phenomenon observed with process optimizations: a significantly increased cell-specific productivity in late phases of glucose-limited perfusion cultivations, when glucose (and lactate) reserves are exhausted. Our aim was to elucidate the cellular activities connected to the metabolic shift from glucose surplus to glucose limitation phase. With 2D-DIGE, we compared three stages in a perfusion culture of CHO cells: the initial growth with high glucose concentration and low lactate production, the second phase with glucose going to limitation and high lactate level, and finally the state of glucose limitation and also low lactate concentration but increased cell-specific productivity. With our proteomic approach we were able to demonstrate consequences of glucose limitation for the protein expression machinery which also could play a role for a higher recombinant protein production. Most interestingly, we detected epigenetic effects on the level of proteins involved in histone modification (HDAC1/-2, SET, RBBP7, DDX5). Together with shifts in the protein inventory of energy metabolism, cytoskeleton and protein expression, a picture emerges of basic changes in the cellular equipment under long-term glucose limitation of CHO cells.