Local innate and adaptive immune responses regulate inflammatory cell influx into the lungs after vaccination with formalin inactivated RSV

Inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines tend to predispose for immune mediated enhanced disease, characterized by Th2 responses and airway hypersensitivity reactions. We show in a C57BL/6 mouse model that the early innate response elicited by the challenge virus (RSV versus influenza virus) influences the outcome of the Th1/Th2 balance in the lung after intramuscular priming with inactivated vaccine. Priming of CD4+/IFN-γ+ T cells by mature dendritic cells administered intravenously and/or priming of a virus specific CD8+ T cell response ameliorated the Th2-mediated inflammatory response in the lung, suggesting that vaccination procedures are feasible that prevent vaccine induced immune pathology.