Intranasal administration of a live non-pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus from a virus library confers protective immunity against H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in mice: Comparison of formulations and administration routes of

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) would cause disasters worldwide. Various strategies against HPAIVs are required to control damage. It is thought that the use of non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses as live vaccines will be effective in an emergency, even though there might be some adverse effects, because small amounts of live vaccines will confer immunity to protect against HPAIV infection. Therefore, live vaccines have the advantage of being able to be distributed worldwide soon after an outbreak. In the present study, we found that intranasal administration of a live H5N1 subtype non-pathogenic virus induced antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and protected mice against H5N1 HPAIV infection. In addition, it was found that a small amount (100 PFU) of the live vaccine was as effective as 100 μg (approximately 1010–11 PFU of virus particles) of the inactivated whole particle vaccine in mice. Consequently, the use of live virus vaccines might be one strategy for preventing pandemics of HPAIVs in an emergency.