Coping strategy and stress response of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax to acute and chronic environmental hypercapnia under hyperoxic conditions

Sea bass displayed fast and efficient acid-base compensatory mechanisms in response to environmental hypercapnia up to 38 mm Hg PCO2. However, acute and chronic exposure above 25 mm Hg PCO2 (> 30 mg/l CO2) was found to be stressful, potentially impairing the welfare of sea bass.