Dietary fat type affects lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and differentially regulates glucose transporter GLUT4 expression in muscle

An experiment was conducted to study dietary fat type (fish oil (FO) vs. vegetable oil) effect on lipid and glucose metabolism in post-smolt Atlantic salmon. Duplicate groups of salmon were fed one of eight diets in which the two fat sources FO (long chain n-3 fatty acids, FA) or linseed oil (LO) (short chain n-3 FA) were combined in a 2 × 4 factorial design with sunflower oil (SO) (rich in n-6 FA) at inclusion levels of 0, 25, 50 and 75% of total added fat. The effects of the diets on plasma metabolites, the activity of selected enzymes involved in lipid metabolism, biometric indices and muscle glucose transporter GLUT4 expression were determined after 12 weeks of feeding. Lower viscero-somatic indices (VSI) and fatty livers were observed in fish fed LO based diets. Increasing inclusion levels of SO affected plasma glucose concentration in fish fed FO based diets, and plasma triglycerides, which decreased in a linear and quadratic pattern in fish fed FO based diets, but increased linearly in fish fed LO based diets. Specific activity of liver carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT I) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration was higher in fish fed LO based diets. Two GLUT4 isoforms I and II have been described in muscle and proved to be differentially expressed related to dietary fatty acids. In summary, dietary fat type affects lipid metabolism in post-smolted Atlantic salmon. In addition, a possibility to interfere on glucose metabolism by means of dietary fat type is discussed.