Zanamivir Amidoxime- and N-Hydroxyguanidine-Based Prodrug Approaches to Tackle Poor Oral Bioavailability

ABSTRACT:The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor zanamivir (1) is potently active against a broad panel of influenza A and B strains, including mutant viruses, but suffers from pharmacokinetic (PK) shortcomings. Here, distinct prodrug approaches are described that aimed at overcoming zanamivir’s lack of oral bioavailability. Lowering the high basicity of the 4-guanidino group in zanamivir and of a bioisosteric 4-acetamidine analog (5) by N-hydroxylation was deemed to be a plausible tactic. The carboxylic acid and glycerol side chain were also masked with different ester groups. The bioisosteric amidine 5 turned out to be potently active against a panel of H1N1 (IC50 = 2–10 nM) and H3N2 (IC50 = 5–10 nM) influenza A viruses (NA inhibition assay). In vitro PK studies showed that all prodrugs were highly soluble, exhibited low protein binding, and were bioactivated by N-reduction to the respective guanidines and amidines. The most promising prodrug candidates, amidoxime ester 7 and N-hydroxyguanidine ester 8, were subjected to in vivo bioavailability studies. Unfortunately, both prodrugs were not orally bioavailable to a convincing degree (F < 3.7%, rats). This finding questions the general feasibility of improving the oral bioavailability of 1 by lipophilicity-increasing prodrug strategies, and suggests that intrinsic structural features represent key hurdles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3208–3219, 2015