Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Enhancement in Brain Tumor Cells Upon Coadministration of Paclitaxel and Ceramide in Nanoemulsion Formulations

The objective of this study was to examine augmentation of therapeutic activity in human glioblastoma cells with combination of paclitaxel (PTX) and the apoptotic signaling molecule, C6-ceramide (CER), when administered in novel oil-in-water nanoemulsions. The nanoemulsions were formulated with pine-nut oil, which has high concentrations of essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Drug-containing nanoemulsions were characterized for particle size, surface charge, and the particle morphology was examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Epi-fluorescent microscopy was used to analyze nanoemulsion-encapsulated rhodamine-labeled PTX and NBD-labeled CER uptake and distribution in U-118 human glioblastoma cells. Cell viability was assessed with the MTS (formazan) assay, while apoptotic activity of PTX and CER was evaluated with caspase-3/7 activation and flow cytometry. Nanoemulsion formulations with the oil droplet size of approximately 200 nm in diameter were prepared with PTX, CER, and combination of the two agents. When administered to U-118 cells, significant enhancement in cytotoxicity was observed with combination of PTX and CER as compared to administration of individual agents. The increase in cytotoxicity correlated with enhancement in apoptotic activity in cells treated with combination of PTX and CER. The results of these studies show that oil-in-water nanoemulsions can be designed with combination therapy for enhancement of cytotoxic effect in brain tumor cells. In addition, PTX and CER can be used together to augment therapeutic activity, especially in aggressive tumor models such as glioblastoma.