Potentiation of natural killer (NK) cell activity by methanol extract of cultured cambial meristematic cells of wild ginseng and its mechanism

AimsAs an alternative strategy to obtain large amounts of ginseng extract with high yield of ginsenosides, we have utilized culture of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) from wild ginseng. The anti-tumor effects of methanol extract of ginseng CMCs (MEGC) and their action mechanisms were investigated.Main methodsMice were intraperitoneally administered with MEGC, and we explored NK cell activity, suppression of in vivo growth of tumor cells and relevant molecule expression.Key findingsMEGC significantly potentiated NK cell activity and suppressed in vivo growth of B16 melanoma cells. However, we observed no increase in NK cell number and unaltered expression of NK cell-activating (NKG2D) and inhibitory (Ly49, CD94/NKG2A) receptors as well as NK cell activation markers (CD25, CD69, CD119, and CD212) in MEGC-treated group compared to the controls. Instead, MEGC significantly enhanced IL-2 responsiveness in the early effector phase and the constitutive expression of granzyme B.SignificanceOur data indicate that culture of CMCs is an attractive alternative method for sustainable production of ginseng extracts and clinical use. In addition, we have unraveled a novel mechanism underlying the potentiation of NK cell activity and antitumor effect of ginseng extract, in which it upregulates the constitutive expression of cytotoxic mediator(s) and IL-2 responsiveness.