Neurochemical evidence that phytanic acid induces oxidative damage and reduces the antioxidant defenses in cerebellum and cerebral cortex of rats

AimsIn the present work we investigated the in vitro effects of phytanic acid (Phyt), that accumulates in Refsum disease and other peroxisomal diseases, on important parameters of oxidative stress in cerebellum and cerebral cortex from young rats.Main methodsThe parameters thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels (TBA-RS; lipid peroxidation), carbonyl formation and sulfhydryl oxidation (protein oxidative damage) and the concentrations of the most important nonenzymatic antioxidant defense reduced glutathione (GSH) were determined.Key findingsIt was observed that Phyt significantly increased TBA-RS levels in both cerebral structures. This effect was prevented by the antioxidants α-tocopherol and melatonin, suggesting the involvement of free radicals. Phyt also provoked protein oxidative damage in both cerebellum and cerebral cortex, as determined by increased carbonyl content and sulfhydryl oxidation. Furthermore, Phyt significantly diminished the concentrations of GSH, while melatonin and α-tocopherol treatment totally blocked this effect. We also verified that Phyt does not behave as a direct acting oxidant, since Phyt did not oxidize commercial solutions of GSH and reduced cytochrome c to Phyt in a free cell medium.SignificanceOur data indicate that oxidative stress is elicited in vitro by Phyt, a mechanism that may contribute at least in part to the pathophysiology of Refsum disease and other peroxisomal disorders where Phyt is accumulated.