Milk growth factor (MGF) induces transformation into ATDC5 cells, prechondrocytes, and cooperates with retinoic acid to transform the cells into new forms

The effects of milk growth factor (MGF) showed the transformation of ATDC5 prechondrocytes and differed from that of retinoic acid (RA) as follows. MGF (200 ng/ml) did not suppress the proliferation of ATDC5 cells, though RA (1 × 10− 7 M) suppressed the cell proliferation. However, MGF showed the result as RA, which was verified to suppress the production of proteoglycan. The synthesis of vimentin in ATDC5 cells was slightly induced by RA, but its withdrawal induced the large-scale induction and the fibril formation of vimentin, which may indicate that the cells became fibroblastic cells, namely dedifferentiation. MGF, which hardly induced the vimentin synthesis in ATDC5 cells, induced its synthesis under control by the withdrawal. MGF suppressed the synthesis of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SM-actin), which was apt to reverse in its withdrawal. However, RA did not affect this synthesis of ATDC5 cells. The combination of MGF and RA enlarged the cells and enhanced the synthesis of vimentin due to RA under control, however, almost terminated α-SM-actin-synthesis in the cells. And its effect is almost irreversible. Furthermore, the combination of MGF and RA prevented the induction of fibroblasts due to RA in the cells. And the withdrawal of the mixture transformed prechondrocytes into hypertrophic cells. Then, MGF contributes to bone metabolism in prechondrocyte.