Effects of new combinative antioxidant FeAOX-6 and α-tocotrienol on macrophage atherogenesis-related functions

Pivotal role in atherogenesis is played by macrophages, which are early site for lipid accumulation and mediate the inflammatory and immune response in the intima. Epidemiological evidence indicates that natural antioxidants reduce the risk of heart disease, but, so far, supplementation studies have failed to confirm any protective effects of these compounds against cardiovascular disease. This study evaluated the effects of the natural antioxidant α-tocotrienol and of the newly designed compound, FeAOX-6, which combines antioxidant structural features of both tocopherols and carotenoids into a single molecule, on macrophage functions involved in foam cell formation. FeAOX-6 or α-tocotrienol induce a strong dose-dependent reduction of cholesterol and reduce cholesterol accumulation in human macrophages. The extent of the reduction found with α-tocotrienol was greater than that induced by FeAOX-6 and did not correlate with their respective antioxidant capacities. Treatment of HMDM with α-tocotrienol or FeAOX-6 enhanced also tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. These results are consistent with a reduction in scavenger receptor activity, but we found that antioxidant treatment did not affect cholesterol uptake from modified LDL. The effects on release on pro-inflammatory prostanoid precursors, PGE2 and cytokine suggest a variety of metabolic responses that are both dependent on antioxidant compounds and macrophages activation status.