Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of manganese chloride in cultured human lymphocytes treated in different phases of cell cycle

Manganese (Mn) has a natural occurrence and is necessary during the initial periods of the development. However, in high concentrations, Mn can be related to neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mutagenic potential of manganese chloride (MnCl2 · 4H2O). Comet assay and chromosome aberrations analysis were applied to determine the DNA-damaging and clastogenic effects of MnCl2 · 4H2O. Cultured human lymphocytes were treated with 15, 20 and 25 μM manganese chloride during the G1, G1/S, S (pulses of 1 and 6 h), and G2 phases of the cell cycle. All tested concentrations were cytotoxic and reduced significantly the mitotic index in G1, G1/S and S (1 and 6 h) treatments, while in G2 treatment only the higher concentrations (20 and 25 μM) showed cytotoxic effects. Clastogenicity and DNA damage were found only in treatments with the highest concentration (25 μM). Chromosome aberrations were found exclusively in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The absence of polyploidy in mitosis, suggests that manganese does not affect the formation of the mitotic spindle with the concentrations tested. The genotoxicity found in G2 phase and in the comet assay can be related to the short time of treatment in both cases.